Pump capacitor configuration for switched capacitor circuits

ABSTRACT

A cascade multiplier includes a switch network having switching elements, a phase pump, and a network of pump capacitors coupled with the phase pump and to the switch network. The network of pump capacitors includes first and second capacitors, both of which have one terminal DC coupled with the phase pump, and a third capacitor coupled with the phase pump through the first capacitor.

FIELD OF DISCLOSURE

The present inventive subject matter relates to switched capacitorconverters for converting between different voltages.

BACKGROUND

Power converters may generally include switches and one or morecapacitors. Such converters are used, for example, to power portableelectronic devices and consumer electronics.

A switch-mode power converter is a specific type of power converter thatregulates an output voltage or current by switching energy storageelements (i.e. inductors and capacitors) into different electricalconfigurations using a switch network.

A switched capacitor converter is a type of switch-mode power converterthat primarily utilizes capacitors to transfer energy. In suchconverters, the number of capacitors and switches increases as thetransformation ratio increases.

Switches in the switch network are usually active devices that areimplemented with transistors. The switch network may be integrated on asingle semiconductor substrate or on multiple monolithic semiconductorsubstrates. Alternatively, the switch network may be formed usingdiscrete devices. Furthermore, because a switch normally carries a largecurrent, it may be composed of numerous smaller switches in parallel.

A common type of switched capacitor converter is a cascade multiplierswitched capacitor converter. Two examples of cascade multipliers 16Aare shown in FIGS. 1A-1B. The cascade multiplier 16A illustrated in FIG.1A is often referred to as a Crockcoft-Walton voltage multiplier whilethe cascade multiplier 16A illustrated in FIG. 1B is often referred toas a Dickson charge pump.

The cascade multiplier 16A illustrated in FIG. 1A receives an inputvoltage VIN from a voltage source 14 and produces an output voltage VOthat is four times the input voltage VIN. Assuming the input voltage VINis equal to one volt, the operation of the cascade multiplier 16Aillustrated in FIG. 1A is described as follows.

A clock with first and second clock intervals generates a voltage at apump node P1 repeated at a pre-defined frequency. This clock isresponsible for controlling the transfer of charge from the voltagesource 14 to a load 18. In this example, it takes three iterations ofthe first and second clock intervals for the initial charge from thevoltage source 14 to reach the load 18.

During the first clock interval, the voltage at the pump node P1 is zerovolts, and odd labeled diodes D1, D3, D5 conduct current. As a result,charge is transferred from the voltage source 14 to a first pumpcapacitor CA11, from a first DC capacitor CAZ1 to a second pumpcapacitor CA12, from a second DC capacitor CAZ2 to a third pumpcapacitor CA13, and from a third DC capacitor CAZ3 to the load 18.

During the second clock interval following the first clock interval, thevoltage at the pump node P1 is one volt, and even labeled diodes D2, D4,D6 conduct current. Consequently, charge is transferred from the firstpump capacitor CA11 to the first DC capacitor CAZ1, from the second pumpcapacitor CA12 to the second DC capacitor CAZ2, and from the third pumpcapacitor CA13 to the third DC capacitor CAZ3 and the load 18.

The voltage at a first switch node NA11 alternates between one volt andtwo volts, the voltage at a second switch node NA12 alternates betweentwo volts and three volts, and the voltage at a third switch node NA13alternates between three volts and four volts. As a result, there is adifference of one volt across each of the pump capacitors CA11-CA13.Meanwhile, the voltage at a first DC node NAZ1 is two volts and thevoltage at a second DC node NAZ2 is three volts, resulting in adifference of one volt across each of the DC capacitors CAZ1-CAZ3.

In general, the maximum voltage across each of the pump capacitorsCA11-CA13 and DC capacitors CAZ1-CAZ3 in the cascade multiplier 16A isequal to the input voltage VIN, assuming that the peak voltage at thepump node P1 is the input voltage VIN.

Similarly, the cascade multiplier 16A illustrated in FIG. 1B receives aninput voltage VIN from a voltage source 14 and produces an outputvoltage VO that is seven times the input voltage VIN. Assuming the inputvoltage VIN is equal to one volt, the operation of the cascademultiplier 16A illustrated in FIG. 1B is described as follows.

A first clock generates a voltage at a first pump node P1 and a secondclock generates a voltage at a second pump node P2. The first clock andthe second clock are one hundred and eighty degrees out of phase witheach other, such that they have first and second clock intervalsrepeated at a pre-defined frequency. These clocks are responsible forcontrolling the transfer of charge from the voltage source 14 to a load18. In this example, it takes four iterations of the first and secondclock intervals for the initial charge from the voltage source 14 toreach the load 18.

During the first clock interval, the voltage at the first pump node P1is zero volts, the voltage at the second pump node P2 is one volt, andodd labeled diodes D1, D3, D5, D7 conduct current. As a result, chargeis transferred from the voltage source 14 to a first pump capacitorCA11, from a second pump capacitor CA21 to a third pump capacitor CA12,from a fourth pump capacitor CA22 to a fifth pump capacitor CA13, andfrom a sixth pump capacitor CA23 to the load 18.

During the second clock interval following the first clock interval, thevoltage at the first pump node P1 is one volt, the voltage at the secondpump node P2 is zero volts, and even labeled diodes D2, D4, D6 conductcurrent. Consequently, charge is transferred from the first pumpcapacitor CA11 to the second pump capacitor CA21, from the third pumpcapacitor CA12 to the fourth pump capacitor CA22, and from the fifthpump capacitor CA13 to the sixth pump capacitor CA23.

The voltage at a first switch node NA11 alternates between one volt andtwo volts, the voltage at a second switch node NA12 alternates betweenthree volts and four volts, and the voltage at a third switch node NA13alternates between five volts and six volts. This results in adifference of one volt, two volts, three volts, four volts, five volts,and six volts across pump capacitors CA11, CA21, CA12, CA22, CA13, CA23,respectively. Consequently, there is a different voltage across eachpump capacitor.

Assuming, the peak voltage at the first and second pump nodes P1, P2 isthe input voltage VIN. The minimum voltage stress is across the firstpump capacitor CA11 and equal to the input voltage VIN. While themaximum voltage stress is across the sixth pump capacitor CA23 and equalto six times the input voltage VIN.

It is often desirable for all the capacitors in a cascade multiplier 16Ato have the same voltage stress because the same type of capacitor canbe used for each capacitor. It is typically more costly to select aseparate type of capacitor for each capacitor due to increased supplychain complexity. Furthermore, if the cascade multiplier 16A ismonolithically integrated, then it is often more cost effective toinclude only one type of capacitor with a given voltage rating.

On the other hand, a low voltage capacitor stores less energy than ahigh voltage capacitor. For example, a cascade multiplier 16A with aseries stacked pump capacitor configuration as in FIG. 1A would requirea larger amount of total capacitance to achieve the same efficiency as acascade multiplier 16A with a parallel stacked pump capacitorconfiguration as in FIG. 1B.

Therefore, it is desirable to have the flexibility to control thedistribution of voltage stress among the capacitors along with themaximum and minimum voltage stress across the capacitors.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, the invention features an apparatus including a firstterminal, a second terminal, and a first cascade multiplier coupledbetween the first and second terminals for causing an electric potentialat the first terminal to be a multiple of an electric potential at thesecond terminal. The first cascade multiplier includes a first set ofswitching elements, one of which is coupled with the first terminal andanother of which is coupled with the second terminal. This first set ofswitching elements includes first and second switching elements. Thefirst switching element, which has a first and second terminal, has afirst state in which current flows through it, and a second state inwhich current flow through it is suppressed. The second switchingelement also has first and second states. In the first state, currentflows through the second switching element, and in the second state,current flow through the second switching element is suppressed. Likethe first switching element, the second has first and second terminals.The first terminal of the second switching element is coupled with thesecond terminal of the first switching element. The first cascademultiplier also has a first circuit with a first and second state ofoperation for providing a first electric potential, and a second circuitfor providing a second electric potential, and a first capacitornetwork. This first capacitor network is coupled between the firstcircuit and the first set of switching elements. It includes a set ofcapacitors, each of which has a first terminal and a second terminal,the first terminals being coupled with corresponding ones of selectednodes between pairs of the switching element. Among the capacitors inthis set of capacitors are first and second capacitors, the secondterminals of which are DC coupled with the first circuit, a thirdcapacitor coupled with the first circuit through the first capacitor,and a second capacitor network coupled between the second circuit andthe first set of switching element.

In another aspect, the invention features an apparatus including a firstterminal, a second terminal, and a first cascade multiplier coupledbetween the first and second terminals for causing an electric potentialat the first terminal to be a multiple of an electric potential at thesecond terminal. The first cascade multiplier includes a first set ofswitching elements, one of which is coupled with the first terminal andanother of which is coupled with the second terminal. This first set ofswitching elements includes first and second switching elements. Thefirst switching element, which has a first and second terminal, has afirst state in which current flows through it, and a second state inwhich current flow through it is suppressed. The second switchingelement also has first and second states. In the first state, currentflows through the second switching element, and in the second state,current flow through the second switching element is suppressed. Likethe first switching element, the second has first and second terminals.The first terminal of the second switching element is coupled with thesecond terminal of the first switching element. The first cascademultiplier also has a first circuit with a first and second state ofoperation for providing a first electric potential, and a second circuitfor providing a second electric potential, and a first capacitornetwork. This first capacitor network is coupled between the firstcircuit and the first set of switching elements. The first cascademultiplier also includes a second capacitor network coupled between thesecond circuit and the first set of switching element. At least one ofthe first and second capacitor networks includes a set of capacitors,each of which has a first terminal and a second terminal, the firstterminals being coupled with corresponding ones of selected nodesbetween pairs of the switching element. Among the capacitors in this setof capacitors are first and second capacitors, the second terminals ofwhich are DC coupled with the first circuit, a third capacitor coupledwith the first circuit through the first capacitor.

In some embodiments, the at least one of the first and second capacitornetworks is the first capacitor network. However, in others, the atleast one of the first and second capacitor networks is the secondcapacitor network.

Some embodiments also include a controller. The controller is configuredfor causing selected switching elements from the plurality of switchingelements to transition between the first and second states so as tocause a voltage at the first terminal to be a multiple of a voltage atthe second terminal. Such configuration causes a physical transformationin the controller by providing new functions that the controller hadhitherto been unable to perform. In the case of programmablecontrollers, this configuration can include reprogramming thecontroller, thus causing the controller to effectively become acompletely new machine.

A variety of switching elements can be used in different embodiments.For example, in some embodiments, the first switching element includes adiode that is forward biased to be placed in the first state, andreverse biased to be placed in the second state. In other embodiments,however, the first switching element includes a switch. And in yetothers, this first switching element includes a transistor. Embodimentsof the invention can also include switching elements selected from anycombination of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, the second circuit is configured to provide asecond time-varying electric potential switching between a first stateand a second state at a specific, or pre-defined frequency. Embodimentsinclude various phase differences between the second time-varyingelectric potential and the first. However, particular embodiments of theinvention include those in which the second time-varying electricpotential is one hundred and eighty degrees out of phase with the firsttime-varying electric potential. Among these are those embodiments inwhich the second capacitor network includes a set of capacitors, eachcapacitor having a first terminal and a second terminal, the firstterminals being coupled with corresponding ones of selected nodesbetween pairs of the switching elements, wherein the set of capacitorsincludes first and second capacitors, the second terminals of which areDC coupled with the second circuit, and a third capacitor coupled withthe second circuit through the first capacitor.

In other embodiments, however, the second circuit has one and only onestate.

In yet other embodiments, the cascade multiplier further includes asecond set of switching elements one of which is coupled with the firstterminal and another of which is coupled with the second terminal. Thesecond set of switching elements includes first and second switchingelements, both of which have first and second terminals. Each switchingelement has first and second states. In the first state, current flowsthrough the switching element. In the second state, current flow throughthe switching element is suppressed. The first terminal of the secondswitching element is coupled with the second terminal of the firstswitching element. The cascade multiplier of this embodiment alsoincludes a third circuit for providing a third electric potential. Thisthird electric potential is a time-varying electric potential thattransitions between a first value and a second value at the specificfrequency, and a third capacitor network coupled between the thirdcircuit and the second set of switching elements.

In some of the foregoing embodiments, the third capacitor networkincludes a set of capacitors, each of which has a first terminal and asecond terminal, the first terminals being coupled with correspondingones of selected nodes between pairs of the switching elements from thesecond set of switching elements. The set of capacitors from the thirdcapacitor network includes first and second capacitors, the secondterminals of which are DC coupled with the third circuit, and a thirdcapacitor coupled with the third circuit through the first capacitor.

Among the embodiments are those that also have a controller configuredfor causing selected switching elements from the set of switchingelements to transition between the first and second states to cause avoltage at the first terminal to be a multiple of a voltage at thesecond terminal. In some embodiments, that multiple is an integer.However, in others, it is not.

In some embodiments, the second circuit is configured to provide aconstant electric potential.

In others, the second circuit is configured to provide a secondtime-varying electric potential, the second time-varying electricpotential switching between a first value and a second value at aspecific frequency. Among these are embodiments in which the secondcapacitor network includes a set of capacitors, each capacitor having afirst terminal and a second terminal, the first terminals being coupledwith corresponding ones of selected nodes between pairs of the switchingelements, wherein the set of capacitors includes first and secondcapacitors, the second terminals of which are DC coupled with the secondcircuit, and a third capacitor coupled with the second circuit throughthe first capacitor.

In another aspect, the invention features an apparatus including acascade multiplier. Such a cascade multiplier includes a switch networkhaving switching elements, a phase pump, and a network of pumpcapacitors coupled with the phase pump and to the switch network. Thenetwork of pump capacitors includes first and second capacitors, thesecond terminals of which are DC coupled with the phase pump, and athird capacitor coupled with the phase pump through the first capacitor.

Some embodiments also include a controller configured for causingselected switching elements to transition between first and secondstates to cause a voltage at the first terminal to be a multiple of avoltage at the second terminal.

In yet other embodiments, the apparatus has at least one of atransceiver, a processor, and a memory that receives power DC or AC fromthe cascade multiplier. Such an apparatus could be a cell phone, a smartphone, a computer, including a tablet computer, and a game console.

In another aspect, the invention features an apparatus having a cascademultiplier, the cascade multiplier having a switch network havingswitching elements, a phase pump, and first and second capacitornetworks coupled to the switch network, wherein at least one of thefirst and second networks comprises a network of pump capacitors coupledwith the phase pump and to the switch network, and wherein at least oneof the first and second capacitor networks comprises first and secondcapacitors, the second terminals of which are DC coupled with the phasepump, and a third capacitor coupled with the phase pump through thefirst capacitor.

In some embodiments, the first capacitor network is a pump capacitornetwork. In other embodiments, the first capacitor network is a DCcapacitor network.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The foregoing features of the circuits and techniques described herein,may be more fully understood from the following description of thefigures in which:

FIGS. 1A-1B shows two known cascade multipliers;

FIG. 2A shows a series capacitor network configuration;

FIG. 2B shows a parallel capacitor network configuration;

FIG. 2C shows a novel capacitor network configuration;

FIG. 3 shows a cascade multiplier with the capacitor networkconfiguration in FIG. 2C;

FIGS. 4A-4C show various novel capacitor network configurations;

FIG. 5A shows a block diagram of a single-phase cascade multiplier;

FIG. 5B shows a particular implementation of the cascade multipliershown in FIG. 5A;

FIG. 6A shows an alternative block diagram of a single-phase cascademultiplier;

FIG. 6B shows a particular implementation of the cascade multipliershown in FIG. 6A;

FIG. 7A shows a block diagram of a dual-phase cascade multiplier;

FIG. 7B shows a particular implementation of the cascade multipliershown in FIG. 7A;

FIG. 8A shows an alternative block diagram of a dual-phase cascademultiplier;

FIG. 8B shows a particular implementation of the cascade multipliershown in FIG. 8A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This disclosure describes a method of controlling the voltage stress ofthe capacitors within a cascade multiplier type switched capacitorconverter.

The distribution of voltage stress among the capacitors along with themaximum and minimum voltages stress across the capacitors is a functionof the type of cascade multiplier and capacitor network configuration.For example, stacking the pump capacitors CA11-CA13 in series as shownin FIG. 1A causes a voltage stress that is uniform and equal among thepump capacitors CA11-CA13. In contrast, stacking the pump capacitorsCA11-CA13 in parallel as shown in FIG. 1B causes the voltage stress tobe non-uniform and unequal among the pump capacitors CA11-CA13.

Before describing several exemplary embodiments of cascade multipliers,it should be appreciated that in an effort to promote clarity inexplaining the concepts, references are sometimes made herein tospecific cascade multipliers. It should be understood that suchreferences are merely exemplary and should not be construed as limiting.After reading the description provided herein, one of ordinary skill inthe art will understand how to apply the concepts described herein toprovide specific cascade multipliers.

It should be appreciated that reference is also sometimes made herein toparticular input voltages and output voltages as well as to particulartransformation voltage ratios. It should be understood that suchreferences are merely exemplary and should not be construed as limiting.

Reference may also sometimes be made herein to particular applications.Such references are intended merely as exemplary and should not be takenas limiting the concepts described herein to the particular application.

Thus, although the description provided herein explains the inventiveconcepts in the context of particular circuits or a particularapplication or a particular voltage, those of ordinary skill in the artwill appreciate that the concepts equally apply to other circuits orapplications or voltages.

Embodiments described herein rely at least in part on the recognitionthat within the cascade multiplier family, the capacitors can beconfigured such that the distribution of voltage stress among thecapacitors is controlled along with the maximum and minimum voltagestress across the capacitors. This is achieved by creating novelcombinations of the series capacitor network configuration and theparallel capacitor network configuration.

In FIG. 1A, the pump capacitors CA11-CA13 can be grouped together into acapacitor network. Likewise, the DC capacitors CAZ1-CAZ3 can be groupedtogether into a capacitor network. In general, a cascade multiplier 16Aincludes two or more capacitor networks. Three different capacitornetworks are shown in FIGS. 2A-2C. Each capacitor network includes threecapacitors C1, C2, CT, a bottom node NB, a top node NT, and intermediatenodes N1, N2.

The use of the word “coupled” implies that the elements may be directlyconnected together or may be coupled through one or more interveningelements, such as a resistor, capacitor, or switch. Furthermore, in DCcoupling, DC signals are allowed to pass.

In FIG. 2A, the capacitors are connected in series. As used herein, aseries capacitor network configuration only includes one capacitor witha terminal DC coupled with the bottom node NB. An example of a seriescapacitor network configuration is shown in FIG. 1A, where the pumpcapacitors CA11-CA13 are connected in series with pump node P1.

In contrast, the capacitors in FIG. 2B are connected in parallel. Asused herein, a parallel capacitor network configuration only includescapacitors with a terminal DC coupled with the bottom node NB. Anexample of a parallel capacitor network configuration is shown in FIG.1B, where the pump capacitors CA11-CA13 are connected in parallel withpump node P1.

FIG. 2C shows a novel embodiment of a capacitor network with threecapacitors. The embodiment shown in FIG. 2C includes a first capacitorC1 coupled between a first intermediate node N1 and a bottom node NB, asecond capacitor C2 coupled between a second intermediate node N2 andthe bottom node NB, and a top capacitor CT coupled between a top node NTand the second intermediate node N2.

In general, a capacitor network includes a set of capacitors, a top nodeNT, a bottom node NB, and a set of intermediate nodes. The top node NTis at the highest electrical potential, the bottom node NB is at thelowest electrical potential, and the intermediate nodes are atelectrical potentials in between that of the top node NT and that of thebottom node NB. Furthermore, the top and bottom nodes NT, NB are coupledto nodes that are either at one state or that alternate between twostates, whereas the intermediate nodes are coupled to nodes thatalternate between two states.

A cascade multiplier 16A utilizing the novel capacitor network from FIG.2C is illustrated in FIG. 3. The cascade multiplier 16A is constructedby replacing the first set of pump capacitors CA11-CA13 in FIG. 1B withthe capacitor network shown in FIG. 2C and by replacing the second setof pump capacitors CA21-CA23 in FIG. 1B with the pump capacitor networkshown in FIG. 2C.

The operation of the cascade multiplier 16A in FIG. 3 is similar to thatdescribed in connection with FIG. 1B. The voltage stress across pumpcapacitors CA11, CA12, CA13 is one volt, three volts and two volts,respectively. Similarly, the voltage stress across pump capacitors CA21,CA22, CA23 is two volt, four volts and two volts, respectively.Therefore, the maximum voltage stress across any pump capacitor in FIG.3 is four volts, in contrast to six volts in FIG. 1B.

Three additional novel embodiments with a larger number of capacitorsare shown in FIGS. 4A-4C. Each capacitor network includes fourcapacitors C1, C2, C3, CT, a top node NT, a bottom node NB and threeintermediate nodes N1-N3. Furthermore, the intermediate nodes N1, N2, N3and the top node NT are coupled with the positive terminal of capacitorsC1, C2, C3, CT, respectively.

A preferred embodiment of a capacitor network is illustrated in FIG. 4A.The capacitor network includes a first capacitor C1 coupled between afirst intermediate node N1 and a bottom node NB, a second capacitor C2coupled between a second intermediate node N2 and the bottom node NB, athird capacitor C3 coupled between a third intermediate node N3 and thesecond switch node N2, and a top capacitor CT coupled between a top nodeNT and the third intermediate node N3.

Another preferred embodiment of a capacitor network is illustrated inFIG. 4B. The capacitor network includes a first capacitor C1 coupledbetween a first intermediate node N1 and a bottom node NB, a secondcapacitor C2 coupled between a second intermediate node N2 and thebottom node NB, a third capacitor C3 coupled between a thirdintermediate node N3 and the second intermediate node N2, and a topcapacitor CT coupled between a top node NT and the second intermediatenode N2.

One more preferred embodiment of a capacitor network is illustrated inFIG. 4C. The capacitor network includes a first capacitor C1 coupledbetween a first intermediate node N1 and a bottom node NB, a secondcapacitor C2 coupled between a second intermediate node N2 and thebottom node NB, a third capacitor C3 coupled between a thirdintermediate node N3 and the first intermediate node N1, and a topcapacitor CT coupled between a top node NT and the second intermediatenode N2.

Generally, the positive terminal of each capacitor in the capacitornetwork is either coupled with a top node NT or an intermediate node.For example, the positive terminal of a top capacitor CT is coupled withthe top node NT, the positive terminal of a first capacitor C1 iscoupled with a first intermediate node N1, the positive terminal of asecond capacitor C2 is coupled with a second intermediate node N2, andso on. The negative terminal of each capacitor in the capacitor networkis coupled with any other capacitor terminal within the capacitornetwork that is at a lower voltage than its positive terminal.

In addition to the three previously described preferred embodimentsshown in FIGS. 4A-4C, there are numerous other possible configurationsof the novel capacitor network with four capacitors. The number ofpossible configurations of the capacitor network is N factorial, where Nis the number of capacitors in the capacitor network. This includes theseries case shown in FIG. 2A and the parallel case shown in FIG. 2B.Therefore, the number of novel capacitor network configurations is Nfactorial minus two.

Four generic cascade multipliers 16A are illustrated in FIG. 5A-8A. Aparticular implementation of each generic cascade multiplier 16Autilizing a novel capacitor network is shown in FIG. 5B-8B. In eachimplementation, the pump capacitor networks 24A, 24B, 26A, 26B use oneof the four novel capacitor networks shown in FIG. 2C and FIG. 4A-4C.Furthermore, the DC capacitor network 28A in FIG. 5B uses the novelcapacitor network shown in FIG. 4A.

A block diagram of a generic single-phase cascade multiplier 16A thatincludes the circuit in FIG. 1A as one species is illustrated in FIG.5A. The generic single-phase cascade multiplier 16A includes at leastfour components: a switch network 22A, a pump capacitor network 24A, aDC capacitor network 28A, and a phase pump 6A1. Additionally, acontroller 20 may be used to generate the appropriate control signals.

The input of the switch network 22A is coupled with a voltage source 14while the output of the switch network 22A is coupled with a load 18.The switch network 22A includes a string of switches connected inseries. At least one capacitor is coupled with a node between adjacentswitches in the switch network 22A.

In the pump capacitor network 24A, one side of each pump capacitor iscoupled with the switch network 22A through an pump bus BA1. The otherside of each pump capacitor is coupled with the phase pump 6A1 at a pumpnode PA1. Similarly, in the DC capacitor network 28A, one side of eachDC capacitor is coupled with the switch network 22A through a DC busBZA. The other side of each DC capacitor is coupled with a DC voltage.One convenient choice of a DC voltage comes from the output of thecascade multiplier 16A.

The phase pump 6A1 has a first state and a second state. In the firststate, the output of the phase pump 6A1 is low and in the second state,the output of the phase pump 6A1 is high. During operation, the phasepump 6A1 cycles between the first state and the second state at aspecific frequency.

The switch network 22A and phase pump 6A1 are synchronized, such thatpackages of charge are shuttled along the switch network 22A as the pumpcapacitor network 24A is repeatedly being charged and discharged by thephase pump 6A1. Charge transfers back and forth between the pumpcapacitor network 24A and the DC capacitor network 28A. It takesmultiple cycles for the initial charge from the voltage source 14 toreach the load 18. The pump capacitor network 24A provides the voltagetransformation, whereas, the DC capacitor network 28A serves asintermediate storage for the pump capacitor network 24A.

The generic single-phase cascade multiplier 16A shown in FIG. 5A is ageneralization of the cascade multiplier 16A in FIG. 1A. Each componentin FIG. 5A corresponds to a counterpart in FIG. 1A. The switch network22A in FIG. 5A corresponds to the series connection of diodes D1-D6 inFIG. 1A. The pump capacitor network 24A in FIG. 5A corresponds to theseries configuration of pump capacitors CA11-CA13 in FIG. 1A. The DCcapacitor network 28A in FIG. 5A corresponds to the series configurationof DC capacitors CZ1-CZ3 in FIG. 1A. Additionally, the phase pump 6A1 inFIG. 5A is not shown in FIG. 1A.

The diodes D1-D6 in FIG. 1A can be replaced by switches under thefollowing circumstance. The switches are turned on when theircorresponding diodes would have allowed current to flow and turned offwhen their corresponding diodes would have suppressed current flow. Asused herein, the suppression of current means the flow of current iseither eliminated or attenuated.

FIG. 5B is a novel implementation of the cascade multiplier 16Aillustrated more generally in FIG. 5A. The cascade multiplier 16Areceives an input voltage VIN from the voltage source 14 and produces anoutput voltage VO that is one-fifth of the input voltage VIN. The pumpcapacitor network 24A and the DC capacitor network 28A utilize thecapacitor network configuration shown in FIG. 4A. The pump capacitornetwork 24A includes first, second, third, and fourth pump capacitorsCA11, CA12, CA13, CA14 that are responsible for providing voltagetransformation. In contrast, the DC capacitor network 28A includesfirst, second, third, and fourth DC capacitors CAZ1, CAZ2, CAZ3, CAZ4that are responsible for generating DC voltage levels.

All of the devices in the switch network 22A and phase pump 6A1 areimplemented using switches. The phase pump 6A1 cycles between a firstinterval and a second interval at a specific frequency. The voltage atthe pump node PA1 during the first interval is ground. In contrast, thevoltage at the pump node PA1 during the second interval is the outputvoltage VO.

Assuming the input voltage VIN is equal to five volts, the operation ofthe circuit is as follows. During the first interval, the switcheslabeled “1” are closed, the switches labeled “2” are open, and thevoltage at the pump node PA1 is zero volts. As a result, the pumpcapacitors CA11-CA14 are being discharged while the DC capacitorsCAZ1-CAZ4 are being charged.

During the second interval following the first interval, the switcheslabeled “1” are open, the switches labeled “2” are closed, and thevoltage at the pump node PA1 is one volt. Consequently, the pumpcapacitors CA11-CA14 are being charged while the DC capacitors CAZ1-CAZ4are being discharged.

The voltage stress across the second pump capacitor CA12 and the secondDC capacitor CAZ2 is two volts while the voltage stress across eachremaining capacitor is one volt. Consequently, the maximum voltagestress is two volts with a fairly uniform distribution of voltage stressamong the pump capacitors CA11-CA14 and the DC capacitors CAZ1-CAZ4.

A block diagram of another generic single-phase cascade multiplier 16Ais constructed by replacing the DC capacitor network 28A in FIG. 5A witha second pump capacitor network 26A and a second phase pump 6A2 asillustrated FIG. 6A. In addition to the second pump capacitor network26A and the second phase pump 6A2, the resulting generic single-phasecascade multiplier 16A includes a switch network 22A, a first pumpcapacitor network 24A, and a first phase pump 6A1. Additionally, acontroller 20 may be used to generate the appropriate control signals.

The input of the switch network 22A is coupled with a voltage source 14while the output of the switch network 22A is coupled with a load 18.The switch network 22A includes a string of switches connected inseries. At least one capacitor is coupled with a node between adjacentswitches in the switch network 22A.

In the first pump capacitor network 24A, one side of each pump capacitoris coupled with the switch network 22A through a first pump bus BA1. Theother side of each pump capacitor in the first pump capacitor network24A is coupled with the first phase pump 6A1 at a first pump node PA1.Similarly, in the second pump capacitor network 26A, one side of eachpump capacitor is coupled with the switch network 22A through a secondpump bus BA2. The other side of each pump capacitor in the second pumpcapacitor network 26A is coupled with the second phase pump 6A2 at asecond pump node PA2.

The first and second phase pumps 6A1, 6A2 have a first state and asecond state. In the first state, the output of the first phase pump 6A1is low and the output of the second phase pump 6A2 is high. In thesecond state, the output of the first phase pump 6A1 is high and theoutput of the second phase pump 6A2 is low. During operation, the phasepumps 6A1, 6A2 cycle between the first state and the second state at aspecific frequency.

The switch network 22A, the first phase pump 6A1, and the second phasepump 6A2 are synchronized such that packages of charge are shuttledalong the switch network 22A as the first and second pump capacitornetworks 24A, 26A are repeatedly being charged and discharged by thefirst and second phase pumps 6A1, 6A2, respectively. Charge transfersback and forth between the first pump capacitor network 24A and thesecond pump capacitor network 26A. It takes multiple cycles for theinitial charge from the voltage source 14 to reach the load 18.

The generic single-phase cascade multiplier 16A shown in FIG. 6A is ageneralization of the cascade multiplier 16A in FIG. 1B. Each componentin FIG. 6A corresponds to a counterpart in FIG. 1B. The switch network22A in FIG. 6A corresponds to the series connection of diodes D1-D7 inFIG. 1B. The first pump capacitor network 24A in FIG. 6A corresponds tothe parallel configuration of pump capacitors CA11-CA13 in FIG. 1B. Thesecond pump capacitor network 26A in FIG. 6A corresponds to the parallelconfiguration of pump capacitors CA21-CA23 in FIG. 1B. Lastly, the firstand second phase pumps 6A1, 6A2 in FIG. 6A are not shown in FIG. 1B.

The diodes D1-D7 in FIG. 1B are specific implementations of switches. Adiode has an on-state and an off-state, as does a switch. To produce amore general representation, the diodes D1-D7 in FIG. 1B can be replacedby switches. Each switch needs to be controlled properly for the cascademultiplier 16A to operate.

FIG. 6B is a novel implementation of the cascade multiplier 16Aillustrated more generally in FIG. 6A. The cascade multiplier 16Areceives an input voltage VIN from the voltage source 14 and produces anoutput voltage VO that is one-eighth of the input voltage VIN. The firstpump capacitor network 24A utilizes the capacitor network configurationshown in FIG. 4C while the second pump capacitor network 26A utilizesthe capacitor network configuration shown in FIG. 2C. The first pumpcapacitor network 24A includes first, second, third, and fourth pumpcapacitors CA11, CA12, CA13, CA14. Likewise, the second pump capacitornetwork 26A includes fifth, sixth, and seventh pump capacitors CA21,CA22, CA23.

All of the devices in the switch network 22A, the first phase pump 6A1,and the second phase pump 6A2 are implemented using switches. The firstand second phase pumps 6A1, 6A2 cycle between first and second intervalsat a specific frequency. During the first interval, the voltage at thefirst pump node PA1 is ground and the voltage at the second pump nodePA2 is the output voltage VO. In contrast, during the second interval,the voltage at the first pump node PA1 is the output voltage VO and thevoltage at the second pump node PA2 is ground.

Assuming the input voltage VIN is equal to eight volts, the operation ofthe circuit is as follows. During the first interval, the switcheslabeled “1” are closed, the switches labeled “2” are open, the voltageat the first pump node PA1 is zero volts, and the voltage at the secondpump node PA2 is one volt. As a result, the pump capacitors CA11-CA14are being discharged while the pump capacitors CA21-CA23 are beingcharged.

During the second interval following the first interval, the switcheslabeled “1” are open, the switches labeled “2” are closed, the voltageat the first node PA1 is one volt, and the voltage at the second nodePA2 is zero volts. Consequently, the pump capacitors CA11-CA14 are beingcharged while the pump capacitors CA21-CA23 are being discharged.

The voltage stress across the first, second, fifth, and seventh pumpcapacitors CA11, CA12, CA21, CA23 is one volt, three volts, two volts,and two volts, respectively. While the voltage stress across eachremaining pump capacitor is four volts. Consequently, the maximumvoltage stress is four volts with a moderate distribution of voltagestress among the pump capacitors.

In the single-phase cascade multipliers 16A illustrated in FIGS. 5A, 6A,there are periods of time during which the voltage source 14 is notcoupled with the load 18. However, if two single-phase cascademultipliers 16A are operated in parallel and one hundred and eightydegrees out of phase, then the voltage source 14 will always be coupledwith the load 18 at any given time. This configuration is referred to asa two-phase or dual-phase cascade multiplier 16A.

Based upon the generic single-phase cascade multiplier 16A in FIG. 5A, ageneric dual-phase cascade multiplier 16A can be constructed as shown inFIG. 7A. The generic dual-phase cascade multiplier 16A includes a firstswitch network 22A, a second switch network 22B, a first pump capacitornetwork 24A, a second pump capacitor network 24B, a first phase pump6A1, a second phase pump 6B2, a first DC capacitor network 28A, and asecond DC capacitor network 28B. Additionally, a controller 20 may beused to generate the appropriate control signals.

The first pump capacitor network 24A is coupled with the first phasepump 6A1 at a first pump node PA1 and with the first switch network 22Athrough a first pump bus BA1. Similarly, the second pump capacitornetwork 24B is coupled with the second phase pump 6B2 at a second pumpnode PB2 and with the second switch network 22B through a second pumpbus BB2. Furthermore, the first DC capacitor network 28A is coupled withthe first switch network 22A through a first DC bus BAZ and with a firstDC voltage. Meanwhile, the second DC capacitor network 28B is coupledwith the second switch network 22B through a second DC bus BBZ and witha second DC voltage. As before, one convenient choice of the firstand/or second DC voltage comes from the output of the cascade multiplier16A.

The output of the first phase pump 6A1 is provided at the first pumpnode PA1 and the output of the second phase pump 6B2 is provided at thesecond pump node PB2. The signal at the first pump node PA1 and thesignal at the second pump node PB2 are one hundred and eighty degreesout of phase. Consequently, whenever the first pump node PA1 is high,the second pump node PB2 is low, and vice versa.

FIG. 7B is a novel implementation of the generic dual-phase cascademultiplier 16A illustrated in FIG. 7A that utilizes the capacitornetwork configuration shown in FIG. 4B. The first pump capacitor network24A includes first, second, third, and fourth pump capacitors CA11,CA12, CA13, CA14. Likewise, the second pump capacitor network 24Bincludes fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth pump capacitors CB11, CB12,CB13, CB14.

The first and second DC capacitor networks 28A, 28B in FIG. 7A can bemerged if the voltage across the corresponding DC capacitors inside thefirst and second DC capacitor networks 28A, 28B are at the same DCvalues. Therefore, the first and second DC capacitor networks 28A, 28Bin FIG. 7A are replaced by a third DC capacitor network 28AB in FIG. 7B.The third DC capacitor network 28AB includes first, second, and third DCcapacitors CZ1, CZ2, CZ3. Similar to the first and second DC capacitornetworks 28A, 28B, the third DC capacitor network 28AB generates DCvoltage levels.

The dual-phase cascade multiplier 16A receives an input voltage VIN froma voltage source 14 and maintains an output voltage VO that is one-fifthof the input voltage VIN. All of the devices in the first switch network22A, the second switch network 22B, the first phase pump 6A1, and thesecond phase pump 6B2 are implemented using switches. The first andsecond phase pumps 6A1, 6B2 use the output voltage VO and ground toproduce a voltage with first and second intervals repeated at a specificfrequency.

Assuming the input voltage VIN is equal to five volts, the operation ofthe circuit is as follows. During the first interval, the switcheslabeled “1” are closed, the switches labeled “2” are open, the voltageat the first pump node PA1 is zero volts, and the voltage at the secondpump node PB2 is one volt. As a result, the pump capacitors CA11-CA14are being discharged while the pump capacitors CB11-CB14 are beingcharged. Ideally, the DC capacitors CZ1-CZ3 are neither being chargednor being discharged because the discharging currents of the first,second, third, and fourth pump capacitors CA11, CA12, CA13, CA14 matchthe charging currents of the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth pumpcapacitors CB11, CB12, CB13, CB14, respectively.

During the second interval following the first interval, the switcheslabeled “1” are open, the switches labeled “2” are closed, the voltageat the first pump node PA1 is one volt, and the voltage at the secondpump node PB2 is zero volts. Consequently, the pump capacitors CA11-CA14are being charged while the pump capacitors CB11-CB14 are beingdischarged. Ideally, the DC capacitors CZ1-CZ3 are neither being chargednor being discharged because the charging currents of the first, second,third, and fourth pump capacitors CA11, CA12, CA13, CA14 match thedischarging currents of the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth pumpcapacitors CB11, CB12, CB13, CB14, respectively.

The voltage stress across the first, third, fifth, and seventh pumpcapacitors CA11, CA13, CB11, CB13 is one volt while the voltage stressacross each remaining capacitor is two volts. Consequently, the maximumvoltage stress is two volts with a fairly uniform distribution ofvoltage stress among the pump capacitors.

Another generic dual-phase cascade multiplier 16A is shown in FIG. 8A.The implementation in FIG. 8A is based upon the generic single-phasecascade multiplier 16A in FIG. 6A. Therefore, the generic dual-phasecascade multiplier 16A includes a first switch network 22A, a secondswitch network 22B, a first pump capacitor network 24A, a second pumpcapacitor network 26A, a third pump capacitor network 24B, a fourth pumpcapacitor network 26B, a first phase pump 6A1, a second phase pump 6A2,a third phase pump 6B2, and a fourth phase pump 6B1. Additionally, acontroller 20 may be used to generate the appropriate control signals.

The first pump capacitor network 24A is coupled with the first phasepump 6A1 at a first pump node PA1 and with the first switch network 22Athrough a first pump bus BA1. Similarly, the second pump capacitornetwork 26A is coupled with the second phase pump 6A2 at a second pumpnode PA2 and with the first switch network 22A through a second pump busBA2. Furthermore, the third pump capacitor network 24B is coupled withthe third phase pump 6B2 at a third pump node PB2 and with the secondswitch network 22B through a third pump bus BB2. Meanwhile, the fourthpump capacitor network 26B is coupled with the fourth phase pump 6B1 ata fourth pump node PB1 and with the second switch network 22B through afourth pump bus BB1.

The outputs of the first, second, third, and fourth phase pumps 6A1,6A2, 6B2, 6B1 are provided at the first, second, third, and fourth pumpnodes PA1, PA2, PB2, PB1, respectively. The signals at the first andsecond pump nodes PA1, PA2 are opposite in phase. Similarly, the signalsat the third and fourth pump nodes PB2, PB1 are opposite in phase.However, the signals at the first and fourth pump nodes PA1, PB1 are inphase. Therefore, whenever the first and fourth pump nodes PA1, PB1 arehigh, the second and third pump nodes PA2, PB2 are low, and vice versa.Furthermore, because of the phase alignment, the first and fourth phasepumps 6A1, 6B1 can be the same physical pump or different pumps that arein phase. Likewise, the second and third phase pumps 6A2, 6B2 can be thesame physical pump or different pumps that are in phase.

FIG. 8B is a novel implementation of the generic dual-phase cascademultiplier 16A illustrated in FIG. 8A that utilizes the capacitornetwork configuration shown in FIG. 4C. The first pump capacitor network24A includes first, second, third, and fourth pump capacitors CA11,CA12, CA13, CA14. The second pump capacitor network 26A includes fifth,sixth, seventh, and eight pump capacitors CA21, CA22, CA23, CA24. Thethird pump capacitor network 24B includes ninth, tenth, eleventh, andtwelfth pump capacitors CB11, CB12, CB13, CB14. Lastly, the fourth pumpcapacitor network 26B includes thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, andsixteenth pump capacitors CB21, CB22, CB23, CB24.

The dual-phase cascade multiplier 16A receives an input voltage from avoltage source 14 and maintains an output voltage VO that is one-ninthof the input voltage VIN. All of the devices in the first switch network22A, the second switch network 22B, and the phase pumps 6A1, 6A2, 6B2,6B1 are implemented using switches. The four phase pumps 6A1, 6A2, 6B2,6B1 use the output voltage VO and ground to produce voltages with firstand second intervals repeated at a specific frequency.

Assuming the input voltage VIN is equal to nine volts, the operation ofthe circuit is as follows. During the first interval, the switcheslabeled “1” are closed, the switches labeled “2” are open, the voltageat the first and fourth pump nodes PA1, PB1 is zero volts, and thevoltage at the second and third pump nodes PA2, PB2 is one volt. As aresult, the pump capacitors CA11-CA14, CB21-CB24 are being dischargedwhile the pump capacitors CA21-CA24, CB11-CB14 are being charged.

During the second interval following the first interval, the switcheslabeled “1” are open, the switches labeled “2” are closed, the voltageat the first and fourth pump nodes PA1, PB1 is one volt, and the voltageat the second and third pump nodes PA2, PB2 is zero volts. Consequently,the pump capacitors CA11-CA14, CB21-CB24 are being charged while thepump capacitors CA21-CA24, CB11-CB14 are being discharged.

The voltage stress across the first and ninth pump capacitors CA11, CB11is one volt. The voltage stress across the second and tenth pumpcapacitors CA12, CB12 is three volts. The voltage stress across thefifth and thirteenth pump capacitors CA21, CB21 is two volts. Lastly,the voltage stress across each remaining pump capacitor is four volts.Consequently, the maximum voltage stress is four volts with a moderatedistribution of voltage stress among the pump capacitors.

In general, the switches included within a first and second switchnetwork 22A, 22B have an on-state and an off-state. Likewise, theswitches included within a first phase pump 6A1, a second phase pump6A2, a third phase pump 6B2, and so on, also have an on-state and anoff-state. In the on-state, current flows through the switch, whereas inthe off-state, the current through the switch is suppressed. Examples ofsuch switches include diodes, transistors, vacuum tubes, andmicro-mechanical relays.

Even though FIGS. 5A, 6A, 7A, and 8A illustrate four generic types ofswitched capacitor converters within the cascade multiplier family,there are other possible variations. For instance, one of ordinary skillin the art would appreciate the possibility of increasing the number ofphases beyond two or dynamically reconfiguring the transformation ratioof the cascade multiplier 16A.

Additionally, other circuit implementations in addition to those shownin FIGS. 5B, 6B, 7B, and 8B are possible. For example, each circuitimplementation was designed to convert a higher input voltage VIN to alower output voltage VO. However, one of ordinary skill in the art wouldunderstand how to create corresponding circuit implementations thatconvert a lower input voltage VIN to a higher output voltage VO.

Furthermore, a dead-time interval can also be included between the firstinterval and the second interval and subsequently between the secondinterval and the first interval. To ensure a clean transition, all ofthe switches are in the off-state during the dead-time interval. Thistechnique is often referred to as “break before make”.

Various features, aspects, and embodiments of switched capacitorconverters have been described herein. The features, aspects, andnumerous embodiments described are susceptible to combination with oneanother as well as to variation and modification, as will be understoodby those having ordinary skill in the art. The present disclosureshould, therefore, be considered to encompass such combinations,variations, and modifications. Additionally, the terms and expressionwhich have been employed herein are used as terms of description and notof limitation. There is no intention, in the use of such terms andexpressions, of excluding any equivalents of the features shown anddescribed (or portions thereof), and it is recognized that variousmodifications are possible within the scope of the claims. Othermodifications, variations, and alternatives are also possible.Accordingly, the claims are intended to cover all such equivalents.

Having described the invention, and a preferred embodiment thereof, whatis claimed as new and secured by Letters Patent is:
 1. An apparatuscomprising a first terminal, a second terminal, and a first cascademultiplier coupled between said first and second terminals, said firstcascade multiplier comprising a first set of switching elements, a phasepump, a circuit for providing an electric potential, a first capacitornetwork, and a second capacitor network, wherein said first set ofswitching elements comprises a string of switching elements connected inseries between said first terminal and said second terminal, whereinsaid phase pump has first and second states of operation for providing afirst time-varying electric potential, wherein said first capacitornetwork is coupled between said phase pump and said first set ofswitching elements, and wherein said second capacitor network is coupledbetween said circuit and said first set of switching elements, whereinat least one network of capacitors selected from the group consisting ofsaid first capacitor network and said second capacitor network comprisesa set of capacitors, each capacitor having a first terminal and a secondterminal, said first terminals being DC coupled with corresponding onesof selected nodes between pairs of switching elements in said string ofswitching elements, wherein, if said network of capacitors is selectedto be said first capacitor network, said set of capacitors comprisesfirst and second capacitors, second terminals of which are DC coupledwith said phase pump at a node, and a third capacitor coupled with saidphase pump through said first capacitor, and wherein, if said network ofcapacitors is selected to be said second capacitor network, said set ofcapacitors comprises first and second capacitors, second terminals ofwhich are DC coupled with said circuit at a node, and a third capacitorcoupled with said circuit through said first capacitor, said apparatusfurther comprising a controller configured for synchronizing said phasepump with transitions of selected switching elements from said first setof switching elements between said first and second states to cause avoltage at said first terminal to be a multiple of a voltage at saidsecond terminal.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said string ofswitching elements comprises a diode.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein said string of switching elements comprises a switch.
 4. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein said string of switching elementscomprises a transistor.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein saidcircuit is configured to provide a second time-varying electricpotential, said second time-varying electric potential switching betweena first state and a second state at a specific frequency.
 6. Theapparatus of claim 5, wherein said second time varying electricpotential is one hundred and eighty degrees out of phase with said firsttime-varying electric potential.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinsaid circuit has at most one state.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinsaid second capacitor network comprises first and second capacitors,second terminals of which are DC coupled with said circuit, and a thirdcapacitor coupled with said circuit through said first capacitor.
 9. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein said cascade multiplier further comprisesa second set of switching elements, one of which is coupled with saidfirst terminal and another of which is coupled with said secondterminal, an additional circuit with a first and second state ofoperation for providing a third electric potential, and a thirdcapacitor network coupled between said additional circuit and saidsecond set of switching elements.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9, whereinsaid third capacitor network comprises a set of capacitors, eachcapacitor having a first terminal and a second terminal, said firstterminals being coupled with corresponding ones of selected nodesbetween pairs of switching elements from said second set of switchingelements, wherein said set of capacitors from said third capacitornetwork comprises first and second capacitors, second terminals of whichare DC coupled with said additional circuit, and a third capacitorcoupled with said additional circuit through said first capacitor. 11.The apparatus of claim 9, wherein said circuit is configured to providea constant electric potential.
 12. The apparatus of claim 9, whereinsaid circuit is configured to provide a second time-varying electricpotential, said second time-varying electric potential switching betweena first value and a second value at a specific frequency.
 13. Theapparatus of claim 12, wherein said network of capacitors comprises saidfirst capacitor network, and wherein said second capacitor networkcomprises first and second capacitors, second terminals of which are DCcoupled with said circuit, and a third capacitor coupled with saidcircuit through said first capacitor.
 14. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein said network of capacitors comprises said first capacitornetwork.
 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said network ofcapacitors comprises said second capacitor network.
 16. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein said phase pump comprises plural switches that operatein phase.
 17. An apparatus comprising a cascade multiplier connectedbetween first and second terminals, said cascade multiplier comprising aswitch network having switching elements, a phase pump, and first andsecond capacitor networks coupled to said switch network, wherein atleast one of said first and second capacitor networks comprises anetwork of pump capacitors coupled with said phase pump and to saidswitch network, and wherein at least one of said first and secondcapacitor networks comprises a first capacitor, a second capacitor, anda third capacitor, wherein said first capacitor has a terminal that isDC coupled with a node of said phase pump, said second capacitor has aterminal that is DC coupled with said node of said phase pump, and saidthird capacitor is coupled with said phase pump through said firstcapacitor, said apparatus further comprising a controller configured forsynchronizing said phase pump with transition of selected switchingelements between first and second states to cause a voltage at saidfirst terminal to be a multiple of a voltage at said second terminal.18. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising a transceiverconfigured to receive energy from said cascade multiplier.
 19. Theapparatus of claim 17, further comprising a memory element configured toreceive energy from said cascade multiplier.
 20. The apparatus of claim17, wherein said first and second capacitor networks each comprise apump capacitor network.
 21. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein saidfirst capacitor network comprises a network of DC capacitors.